REVIEW ARTICLE


Present and Future Prospect of Algae: A Potential Candidate for Sustainable Pollution Mitigation



Ashutosh Tripathy1, 2, Ram Dev More1, 2, Sandeep Gupta1, 2, Jastin Samuel1, 2, *, Joginder Singh2, Ram Prasad3, *
1 Waste Valorization Research lab, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
2 Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
3 Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari-845401, Bihar, India


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Creative Commons License
© 2021 Tripathy et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

* Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India; Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari-845401, Bihar, India;
E-mail: jastin.22757@lpu.co.in, rpjnu2001@gmail.com


Abstract

Pollution control and mitigation are critical to protect the ecosystem and make everyone's life safer and healthier. Different pollution mitigation strategies and measures are implemented to remove pollutants, which broadly involve physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological methods are found to be more sustainable, effective, and eco-friendlier than the other two methods. These methods mainly use microbes like bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, and their products like enzymes and metabolic products to remove pollutants. Due to their unique photosynthetic ability and simple growth requirements, Algae can be grown using simpler components like CO2, sunlight, and media, making them a potential candidate to be used as a pollution mitigator. Algae can indicate and remove pollutants like CO2, SO2, NO2, and particulate matter from the air; these pollutants and particulate matter are either used for their growth or these are accumulated inside them.. Algal species have shown the efficient removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, explosives, petroleum contaminants, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and plastics from different water sources. There is a lot of scope in using algae to remove organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater treatment plants. Algae hold great potential to remove radioactive pollutants from natural resources and involve removal mechanisms like biosorption and bioaccumulation. Algae can be used with different adsorbent materials to develop adsorption systems for the adsorption of radionuclides and heavy metals. This review elucidates different algal species, their cultural conditions, the removal efficiency of different types of pollutants from the air, water, soil, and their role in genetic engineering and the algae's potential for waste mitigation.

Keywords: Algae, Pollution, Mitigation, Sustainable, Wastewater, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.